FAQHistory - Билеты по истории Беларуси - 4.1 - текст песни, слова, перевод, видео

Ticket 4

1. Cities on the territory of Belarus in the 9th - mid XIII century: The origin of the names and the economic life of citizens

1. The emergence of cities occurs in the VIII -IX centuries, which were fortified settlements. Our ancestors built their settlements and surrounded them with a fence. From the words “fence”, “enclose” and the name “city” arose. The reasons for converting the settlements into cities were the separation of crafts and agriculture; concentration of artisans in places close to the sources of the raw materials necessary for their classes; The development of agricultural products for things produced by artisans. Cities arose as centers of crafts and trade in those places where it was convenient to engage in them - at the intersection of rivers and roads. The origin of cities was the result of the separation of craft from agriculture. Craft products had to be exchanged or sold, which favored the development of trade.

An important role in the emergence of cities was played by the need to protect against the enemy. Therefore, cities were built on natural, natural fortifications - hills and hills. Most cities had defensive structures.

Cities of the 9th - XIII centuries. were exclusively wooden. The inside of the city, mounted by ramparts, ditches, walls, was called a dresser (from the word "grandfather", since the Dedinets was a place for collecting elders - grandfathers). The settlement of artisans and merchants that arose near the fortified center was called a posad. An important public place was the market (“bargaining”), located on the banks of the river near Dedinz.

In the first annals of cities, more than 30 cities in Belarus are called cities. The oldest Belarusian city is Polotsk. It is first mentioned in the annals under 862 to the X century. include tours, Zaslavl (Izyaslavl), Vitebsk; By the XI century. - Brest (Berestye), Minsk (Mensk), Pinsk, etc.; to the XII century. - Gomel, Grodno (Gorodnya), etc.; to the XIII century. - Novogrudok, Slonim, Mogilev, etc. In reality, many cities arose much earlier than the information about them fell into the annals.

The origin of the names of the ancient cities of Belarus is associated with the names of the rivers, on the banks of which they arose: Polotsk - canvas, Mensk - Menka, Vitebsk - Vitba, Pinsk - Pina, Slutsk - Sluts, etc. There are cities whose names come from the names of the princes who founded them Or living there: Tours, Izyaslavl, Braslav, Borisov.

Brest tells about the origin of the name Brest. An unknown merchant made his way to his goods through Polessian swamps and fell into an impenetrable quagmire. To get out, he began to tear off birch and birch bark to linter the path. In honor of the birch-saving birch, the place was named Beretius. According to legend, the origin of the name Gomel is due to the fact that since ancient times, an extensive agriculture has formed on the city river in front of the city. And people, rafting the forest in the Dnieper, warned each other loudly: "Goh, frayed!"

The economic life of citizens is associated with craft and trade. The most common in the cities was a blacksmithing business - the manufacture of metal tools, weapons; Pretches - the manufacture of clay dishes; leather business - leather processing; Bondarity - the manufacture of barrels; Spinning and weaving - the manufacture of clothing.

An important role was played by trade. A great trade route “from the Varangians to the Greeks” passed through the territory of Belarus, connecting the Baltic (Varangian) and Black (Russian) seas through the Western Dnieper and the Dnieper. Between these rivers, in the area of ​​modern Orsha and Vitebsk, land routes were established - Dear, on which the ships were pulled from the river to the river along the ground, laying logs under them.