Вопрос 31 - Общественные движения в 60-90-е годы 19 века - текст песни, слова, перевод, видео

31. Public movements in the 60-90s of the 19th century

The second half of the XIX century. The spiritual sphere is characterized by conflicting trends.

In the post -reform period, the final design is obtained by three directions in the public movement - conservatives, liberals, radicals. In addition, the formation of a revolutionary movement begins.

The social basis of the conservative direction was the reactionary nobility, clergy, merchants and a significant part of the peasantry. Conservatism remained in the ideological framework of the theory of "official nationality."

• In the domestic political region, conservatives fought for the preservation of autocracy, coagulation of reforms and the conduct of counter -reforms.

• in socio-economic-for strengthening the positions of the nobility, preserving landlord land ownership.

• In foreign policy, they developed the ideas of pan -Slavism - the unity of the Slavic peoples around Russia.

• In the spiritual sphere, the principles of the patriarchal lifestyle, religiosity, unconditional submission of power were defended.

• The ideologists of the conservatives were K.P. Pobedonostsev, D. A. Tolstoy, M. I. Katkov. The extension of their ideas was facilitated by the bureaucratic apparatus, church and reactionary printing.

The social basis of the liberal direction was part of the bourgeoisie and landowners, the intelligentsia.

• They defended the idea of ​​a path of historical development with Western Europe. Sought to introduce constitutional rule, democratic freedoms, the continuation of reforms and the expansion of the rights and functions of local self -government bodies - zemstvos.

• The liberals stood beyond the evolutionary path of development and considered reforms the main method of socio-political modernization of Russia. They were ready to cooperate with autocratic power.

• The ideologists of the liberals were scientists, publicists, zemstvo figures (K. D. Cavelin, B. N. Chicherin, P.V. Dolgorukov, etc.). Their organizational support was scientific societies, zemstvos, magazines (“Russian Thought”, “Bulletin of Europe”),

• Features of Russian liberalism:

1. proximity to conservatism;

2. Noble character (due to the political weakness of the bourgeoisie);

3. The absence of a stable and organizationally designed opposition to the government;

4. The unification of liberals with conservatives against radicals.

The radical direction in the second half of the XIX century. It was represented by immigrants from different layers of society who sought to represent the interests of workers and peasants.

Features of Russian radicalism:

• the reactionary policy of the government (police arbitrariness, lack of freedom of speech, meetings and organizations) had a significant impact on its development;

• only secret organizations could exist in Russia itself;

• Theoreticians of radicals, as a rule, were forced to emigrate and act abroad. This contributed to the strengthening of the connections of the Russian and Western European revolutionary movements.

In the history of the radical direction of the second half of the XIX century. Researchers distinguish three stages:

1. 60s. -folding of revolutionary democratic ideology and the creation of secret raznochinsky circles;

2. 70s. - the design of the populist direction and the activities of organizations of revolutionary populists;

3. 80-90s. -The activation of liberal populists and the beginning of the spread of Marxism, on the basis of which the first social democratic groups were created.

The most united group of opponents of tsarism in Russia was the growers-raznishans (various classes from various classes: clergy, merchants, philistines, small officials) who replaced the nobles-revolutionaries of the first half of the 19th century.

A supporter of spontaneous development and without a state structure of society was M. A. Bakunin (1814-1976) - a rebellious or anarchist direction of populism. Bakunin M.A. He proposed a model of non -state socialism, which was based on the federation of free organizations built by “from the bottom up”: working associations, communities, volosts, areas, and peoples.
The main work in which Bakunin outlined his views is “statehood and anarchy. Bakunin demanded the immediate destruction of the state and veche democracy from top to bottom.

A supporter of the propaganda direction - P. L. Lavrov (1823-1900). He believed that for the implementation of the revolution, a long propaganda work was needed, so that most of the people would realize and approve the principles of the future system and the need for revolution.

P.N. Tkachev (1844-1885) - theorist of the conspiratorial direction of populism. Since 1873, the Nabat magazine was published abroad. Like Lavrov, Tkachev emphasized the role of an active minority in the revolution. But he saw the main goal not in the rise of the peasant masses to the revolutionary struggle, but in the seizure of state power by a strong underground organization of revolutionaries. He was a direct opponent of anarchism. Many of his ideas later manifested themselves in the practice of Narodnaya Volya and the Bolsheviks.

Narodic circles of the early 60s. carried out propaganda work and used political ter