FAQHistory - Билеты по истории Беларуси - 1.2 - текст песни, слова, перевод, видео

2. Events of the October Revolution of 1917 and the establishment of Soviet power in Belarus

October Revolution. On October 25, 1917 (November 7, new style), Petrograd workers and revolutionary-minded soldiers overthrew the power of the bourgeois Provisional Government. On October 26, the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets proclaimed Soviet power in the center and locally. Decrees on peace and land were adopted. It was proposed to immediately begin negotiations on a just and democratic peace without annexations and indemnities. Landowners' ownership of land was abolished without any redemption. The congress formed the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government - the Council of People's Commissars, headed by V.I. Lenin.

The transfer of power into the hands of the Soviets in Belarus and on the Western Front. At noon on October 25, the Bolsheviks of Minsk received a message on military radio about the victory of the armed uprising in Petrograd. The Minsk Council of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, which was dominated by the Bolsheviks, declared itself the authority in the city. The Committee for the Salvation of the Revolution resisted the Bolsheviks in Minsk. It was created as part of the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, Bundists and representatives of Belarusian national organizations. The committee demanded that power in the city be transferred to it. But when Bolshevik-minded troops from the Western Front arrived in Minsk, the balance of forces changed in favor of the Bolsheviks. On November 2, 1917, power in Minsk was finally taken over by the Military Revolutionary Committee (MRC) of the Western Region and Front.

After the overthrow of the Provisional Government, the fight against the Bolsheviks was led by the Headquarters of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army, which was located in Mogilev. Bolshevik armed forces were sent to Mogilev, Headquarters was liquidated.

As World War I continued, the Bolsheviks relied on the soldiers of the Western Front, which passed through the territory of Belarus. Many of them, exhausted by the war, and these were mainly peasants drafted into the army, sympathetically greeted the first decrees of the Soviet government on peace and land. The Bolsheviks were supported by the bulk of the peasants, who counted on receiving the landowner's land without ransom.

Formation of the Regional Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the Western Region and the Front. After the October events and until January 2, 1919, on the territory of Vitebsk, Mogilev, Minsk and in parts of the Vilna and Smolensk provinces not occupied by German troops, the first highest legislative body of Soviet power operated - the Regional Executive Committee of the Councils of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies of the Western Region and the Front (Obliskomzap). One of its leaders was L.F. Myasnikov. The Obliskomzap consisted mainly of representatives of the Bolshevik Party. To resolve the most important issues, the Council of People's Commissars of the Western Region and the Front was created, which was the executive body of Soviet power in Belarus. Its first leader was K.I. Lander.

The first transformations in the socio-economic sphere. One of the first measures of the Soviet government was the nationalization of industry - the transfer of enterprises from private to state ownership. An 8-hour working day was introduced.

During the implementation of the Decree on Land, landownership was abolished. The former landowner's land was transferred to the disposal of the Soviets of Peasants' Deputies. This did not mean socialization, but the nationalization of the land, because it was transferred to the Soviets, which were government bodies.

The “Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia” was important for resolving the national issue in this process. It proclaimed the equality of all peoples and the right of each of them to self-determination and the formation of an independent state.
In 1918-1920 The Bolshevik party in the socio-economic region pursued a policy of "military communism." It was a system of temporary and emergency measures that had a forced character and were caused by military conditions. This policy was inherent in: the nationalization of large, medium and partially small industry; centralized distribution of goods by state bodies according to the equalization principle with the introduction of the card system; liquidation of commodity-money relations and a ban on private trade; Natural exchange of products.

The central element of the policy of "military communism" in the village was the introduction of surplus. It was a system of harvesting agricultural products, according to which the peasants were obliged to give the state all excess products, primarily the grains, which was intended to provide the Red Army. The peasants were forced to give the state not only excess products, but even a part of the one that was necessary for their own consumption. The introduction of universal labor service on the principle of “who is not Ra?