Фридрих Ницше - Утренняя заря - 1-10 - текст песни, слова, перевод, видео

False conclusions from utility.

– If they have proven the highest usefulness of a thing, then they have not yet taken a single step to explain its origin: i.e. The usefulness of a thing does not indicate the necessity of its existence. But until now it was just such a perverse judgment that prevailed - even in the field of the most rigorous science. In astronomy, the (imaginary) usefulness of satellites was passed off as the ultimate goal of their origin, namely, to somehow replenish the light weakened by the great distance from the sun, and so that the inhabitants of the planets would not lack light. One has only to remember the conclusions of Columbus: the earth was created for people; therefore, if there is land, it must be inhabited. “Is it possible that the sun should shine in vain, and that the night guards of the stars should be wasted uselessly on impassable seas and deserted lands?”

Attractions transformed by moral judgments.

– One and the same inclination develops into a painful feeling of cowardice under the impression of the censure with which customs brand this feeling; or in a pleasant feeling of humility, if morals, such as Christian ones, call it good: i.e. the whole thing depends on whether the conscience is clear or not. In itself, the inclination that interests us, like any inclination, has neither this nor any moral character or name at all, nor even a specific accompanying sensation of pleasure or displeasure - it acquires all this only later, as its second nature, when it comes into contact with inclinations that have already been dubbed good or bad, or when it is a quality of beings whose moral assessment has already been established by the people. Thus, the ancient Greeks understood envy differently than we do: Hesiod classifies it as the actions of the good, beneficent Eris, and for them it did not seem reprehensible to represent their gods as envious. And this is quite understandable for this era, the soul of which was struggle; and wrestling was then highly regarded.

In the same way, the ancient Greeks understood hope differently than we do: it seemed blind and insidious to them. Hesiod speaks about it in one fable and, moreover, so strangely, since his story is in diametrical contradiction with the modern spirit, which, under the influence of Christianity, has learned to see virtue in hope.

The Jews understood anger differently than we do and called it sacred; the gloomy greatness of the wrathful man seemed to them to stand at such a height that a European cannot imagine: they created their wrathful Jehovah after their wrathful prophets.

Assessing the contemplative life.

- We. people of contemplative life must not forget how much evil and misfortune contemplation has brought to people of active life. Firstly, the Brahmins, for example, made it their goal to constantly make life difficult for practical people and discourage them, as far as possible, from their energy for activity. Secondly, artists; they have always been impatient, capricious, envious, violent, restless people: such an impression received from them diminishes the uplifting and enlightening impression received from their works. Thirdly: philosophers who combine both religious and artistic contemplative life, next to which there is a third - dialectical contemplative life, a passion for evidence; they had the same influence on the world as the first two types of people who indulged in a contemplative life, and with their dialectical passion they made people indecisive. Fourth, thinkers and scientists; they rarely sought influence on people; more often they quietly buried themselves in their wormholes; often they served not as a subject of annoyance and dislike, but as a subject of ridicule, and thereby, against their will, brought relief to people in active life. Finally, now science has become useful to everyone, and if for the sake of this benefit very many, destined for an active life, followed the path of science by the sweat of their brow and not without curses, then for this evil no guilt falls on scientists and thinkers: this is self-torture .